What Would Happen if Us Had a Revolution Again
The Revolutionary War (1775-83), also known equally the American Revolution, arose from growing tensions between residents of Bang-up U.k.'due south 13 North American colonies and the colonial government, which represented the British crown. Skirmishes betwixt British troops and colonial militiamen in Lexington and Concord in Apr 1775 kicked off the armed conflict, and by the following summer, the rebels were waging a total-scale war for their independence. France entered the American Revolution on the side of the colonists in 1778, turning what had essentially been a ceremonious war into an international conflict. Afterwards French help helped the Continental Army force the British surrender at Yorktown, Virginia, in 1781, the Americans had finer won their independence, though fighting would not formally end until 1783.
Causes of the Revolutionary War
For more than a decade before the outbreak of the American Revolution in 1775, tensions had been building between colonists and the British regime.
The French and Indian War, or Seven Years' State of war (1756-1763), brought new territories under the power of the crown, but the expensive disharmonize lead to new and unpopular taxes. Attempts past the British government to heighten revenue by taxing the colonies (notably the Stamp Act of 1765, the Townshend Acts of 1767 and the Tea Act of 1773) met with heated protest among many colonists, who resented their lack of representation in Parliament and demanded the same rights equally other British subjects.
Colonial resistance led to violence in 1770, when British soldiers opened burn down on a mob of colonists, killing five men in what was known as the Boston Massacre. Afterward Dec 1773, when a ring of Bostonians altered their appearance to hibernate their identity boarded British ships and dumped 342 chests of tea into Boston Harbor during the Boston Tea Political party, an outraged Parliament passed a series of measures (known as the Intolerable, or Coercive Acts) designed to reassert imperial potency in Massachusetts.
In response, a group of colonial delegates (including George Washington of Virginia, John and Samuel Adams of Massachusetts, Patrick Henry of Virginia and John Jay of New York) met in Philadelphia in September 1774 to give voice to their grievances against the British crown. This Outset Continental Congress did not become then far as to demand independence from Uk, but it denounced taxation without representation, likewise as the maintenance of the British army in the colonies without their consent. It issued a declaration of the rights due every denizen, including life, liberty, property, assembly and trial past jury. The Continental Congress voted to run into again in May 1775 to consider farther action, but past that time violence had already cleaved out.
On the night of April 18, 1775, hundreds of British troops marched from Boston to nearby Concur, Massachusetts in gild to seize an arms cache. Paul Revere and other riders sounded the alarm, and colonial militiamen began mobilizing to intercept the Redcoats. On April 19, local militiamen clashed with British soldiers in the Battles of Lexington and Concord in Massachusetts, marking the "shot heard round the world" that signified the outset of the Revolutionary State of war.
Declaring Independence (1775-76)
When the 2nd Continental Congress convened in Philadelphia, delegates–including new additions Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson–voted to form a Continental Army, with Washington as its commander in chief. On June 17, in the Revolution's get-go major battle, colonial forces inflicted heavy casualties on the British regiment of Full general William Howe at Breed'south Hill in Boston. The engagement, known equally the Battle of Bunker Hill, ended in British victory, merely lent encouragement to the revolutionary cause.
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Throughout that autumn and winter, Washington's forces struggled to proceed the British contained in Boston, but artillery captured at Fort Ticonderoga in New York helped shift the residual of that struggle in tardily wintertime. The British evacuated the urban center in March 1776, with Howe and his men retreating to Canada to set a major invasion of New York.
By June 1776, with the Revolutionary War in full swing, a growing majority of the colonists had come up to favor independence from U.k.. On July four, the Continental Congress voted to adopt the Declaration of Independence, drafted by a five-homo commission including Franklin and John Adams but written mainly by Jefferson. That same month, determined to vanquish the rebellion, the British government sent a big fleet, forth with more than 34,000 troops to New York. In August, Howe's Redcoats routed the Continental Regular army on Long Island; Washington was forced to evacuate his troops from New York Urban center by September. Pushed beyond the Delaware River, Washington fought back with a surprise attack in Trenton, New Jersey, on Christmas night and won some other victory at Princeton to revive the rebels' flagging hopes before making winter quarters at Morristown.
Saratoga: Revolutionary War Turning Point (1777-78)
British strategy in 1777 involved two chief prongs of attack aimed at separating New England (where the rebellion enjoyed the most pop support) from the other colonies. To that end, General John Burgoyne's army marched south from Canada toward a planned meeting with Howe's forces on the Hudson River. Burgoyne's men dealt a devastating loss to the Americans in July past retaking Fort Ticonderoga, while Howe decided to movement his troops southward from New York to confront Washington'southward army most the Chesapeake Bay. The British defeated the Americans at Brandywine Creek, Pennsylvania, on September 11 and entered Philadelphia on September 25. Washington rebounded to strike Germantown in early October earlier withdrawing to winter quarters near Valley Forge.
Howe's move had left Burgoyne's regular army exposed near Saratoga, New York, and the British suffered the consequences of this on September 19, when an American force under General Horatio Gates defeated them at Freeman's Farm in the first Battle of Saratoga. After suffering another defeat on Oct 7 at Bemis Heights (the Second Boxing of Saratoga), Burgoyne surrendered his remaining forces on October 17. The American victory Saratoga would show to be a turning bespeak of the American Revolution, as it prompted France (which had been secretly aiding the rebels since 1776) to enter the war openly on the American side, though information technology would not formally declare war on Peachy United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland until June 1778. The American Revolution, which had begun as a civil conflict between Britain and its colonies, had become a world state of war.
Stalemate in the N, Battle in the S (1778-81)
During the long, hard winter at Valley Forge, Washington's troops benefited from the training and discipline of the Prussian military officer Businesswoman Friedrich von Steuben (sent by the French) and the leadership of the French blueblood Marquis de Lafayette. On June 28, 1778, as British forces under Sir Henry Clinton (who had replaced Howe as supreme commander) attempted to withdraw from Philadelphia to New York, Washington'southward army attacked them near Monmouth, New Jersey. The boxing effectively ended in a depict, equally the Americans held their ground, but Clinton was able to go his ground forces and supplies safely to New York. On July viii, a French fleet commanded by the Comte d'Estaing arrived off the Atlantic declension, prepare to practice boxing with the British. A articulation assault on the British at Newport, Rhode Island, in belatedly July failed, and for the most role the war settled into a stalemate phase in the Northward.
The Americans suffered a number of setbacks from 1779 to 1781, including the defection of General Benedict Arnold to the British and the first serious mutinies within the Continental Army. In the Southward, the British occupied Georgia by early 1779 and captured Charleston, South Carolina in May 1780. British forces under Lord Charles Cornwallis then began an offensive in the region, crushing Gates' American troops at Camden in mid-August, though the Americans scored a victory over Loyalist forces at King'southward Mountain in early on October. Nathanael Light-green replaced Gates as the American commander in the Due south that Dec. Under Light-green's control, General Daniel Morgan scored a victory confronting a British force led by Colonel Banastre Tarleton at Cowpens, South Carolina, on January 17, 1781.
Revolutionary State of war Draws to a Shut (1781-83)
Past the fall of 1781, Greene'southward American forces had managed to force Cornwallis and his men to withdraw to Virginia's Yorktown peninsula, virtually where the York River empties into Chesapeake Bay. Supported by a French ground forces commanded by Full general Jean Baptiste de Rochambeau, Washington moved against Yorktown with a full of effectually xiv,000 soldiers, while a fleet of 36 French warships offshore prevented British reinforcement or evacuation. Trapped and overpowered, Cornwallis was forced to surrender his unabridged army on Oct 19. Claiming disease, the British general sent his deputy, Charles O'Hara, to surrender; after O'Hara approached Rochambeau to surrender his sword (the Frenchman deferred to Washington), Washington gave the nod to his ain deputy, Benjamin Lincoln, who accepted it.
Though the movement for American independence effectively triumphed at the Battle of Yorktown, contemporary observers did non see that as the decisive victory all the same. British forces remained stationed around Charleston, and the powerful main regular army still resided in New York. Though neither side would have decisive activity over the better part of the adjacent two years, the British removal of their troops from Charleston and Savannah in belatedly 1782 finally pointed to the terminate of the conflict. British and American negotiators in Paris signed preliminary peace terms in Paris late that November, and on September 3, 1783, Swell Britain formally recognized the independence of the United states in the Treaty of Paris. At the aforementioned fourth dimension, Britain signed dissever peace treaties with French republic and Spain (which had entered the disharmonize in 1779), bringing the American Revolution to a close after eight long years.
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Source: https://www.history.com/topics/american-revolution/american-revolution-history
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